Pain management

Published Materials

Pain is one of the most common reasons for visits to primary care providers every year. Yet, despite the prevalence, managing pain remains a significant challenge. Current recommendations for addressing chronic pain focus on a multi-modal approach including non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments. This module discusses the evidence-based management options for four common pain conditions: osteoarthritis, low back pain, diabetic neuropathy, and fibromyalgia. It includes recommendations for managing patients who may require or already be taking opioids including monitoring opioid safety and reducing opioid overdose risk by prescribing naloxone.

Overview for managing patients with non-cancer pain

Managing pain requires establishing clear functional goals that center on activities which are important to each patient. In order to achieve these goals, a focus on non-opioid treatment options is recommended. For those patients who do require opioids, utilizing non-opioid options can reduce total opioid doses and help improve function.

Combine different ways to improve function and alleviate pain¹

Selecting evidence-based treatment options can be challenging, with some pain conditions having more options available to manage pain than others. Below is a summary of common options used to manage pain and a corresponding benefit to risk profile for each option. For more details regarding the evidence behind these recommendations, please see the comprehensive evidence document.

Evidence-based recommendations for managing specific chronic pain conditions

A note on opioids

Tramadol is an opioid with activity at serotonin and norepinephrine receptors. It can still cause withdrawal symptoms like other opioids and has drug interactions. Buprenorphine is a mixed agonist that has a ceiling effect on respiratory depression with escalating doses. This effect reduces the risk of overdose from buprenorphine alone. Thinking about one of these two options may be a safer opioid option than starting with full agonist options.

Managing patients on opioids

While opioids are not generally recommended for these four pain conditions, many patients already use opioids to manage pain. For these patients and others who may require a trial of an opioid medication, ensuring safety is critical. These steps are recommended for all patients taking opioids:²

Set clear functional goals with the patient
Establish an anticipated duration of opioid use
Establish a written treatment agreement
Routinely assess the risk and benefits of opioid use
Continue to optimize non-opioid treatment options
Prepare to taper off opioids and pursue other modes of analgesia if goals are not met

Reducing opioid doses

Decisions to taper treatment should be individualized and patient-centered.^2,3

Resources for Providers

State specific resources

Georgia: Opioid response
Illinois: Prescription opioids and heroin
Illinois: Medical cannabis
Missouri: Medical cannabis
Ohio: Opioid prescribing guidelines
Ohio: Naloxone – Project Dawn
Oklahoma: Prescribing guidelines
Oklahoma: Naloxone resources
Pennsylvania: Opioid epidemic
Pennsylvania: Medical marijuana
Texas: Opioid training initiative

Information current at time of publication, February 2023.

The content of this website is educational in nature and includes general recommendations only; specific clinical decisions should only be made by a treating clinician based on the individual patient’s clinical condition.

References

Flynn DM. Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: Nonpharmacologic, Noninvasive Treatments. Am Fam Physician. Oct 15 2020;102(8):465-477.
Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain— United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. Nov 4 2022;71(3):1-95.
Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. Prescribing Opioids for Pain—The New CDC Clinical Practice Guideline. N Engl J Med. 2022 Dec 1;387(22):2011-2013.